Neither these nor the emphatics could be adequately represented by the Latin alphabet, but there is also evidence to that effect from Punic script transcriptions. They hire only the best translators so their clients wont have any problems. Webr/translator: r/translator is *the* community for Reddit translation requests. t "year" for earlier */sant/.[30]. Morphologies of Asia and Africa. This means that research has to be done on this subject and disseminated to the public, as well as the scientific community, so that we can start to reconstruct the various elements of our language and thought. 2 The oldest proof of written Sumerian dates back to at least 3500 BC. It is true that we have always understood language to be a medium of communication. But not everyone can study an ancient tongue. The ancient Lybico-Berber alphabet derived from the Punic script still in irregular use by modern Berber groups such as the Touareg is known by the native name tifina, possibly a declined form of the borrowed word Pnic. [10] In the east of the Mediterranean region, the language was in use as late as the 1st century BC,[11] when it seems to have gone extinct there. [49] Adjectives can be formed following the familiar Semitic nisba suffix /-y/ y (e.g. 2007. 19 Please donate to our server cost fundraiser 2023, so that we can produce more history articles, videos and translations. "Phoenician is a Semitic language written from right to left, created by twenty-three consonants, no vowels". [26] The consonant /p/ may have been generally transformed into /f/ in Punic and in late Phoenician, as it was in Proto-Arabic. The Phoenician Alphabet was an early form of writing developed by the ancient Phoenician civilization and is one of the first known modern alphabets. Next, from Canaanite to Phoenician, the sibilants * and * were merged as *, * and * were merged as , and * and * were merged as *. Read and accept the terms of our copyright notice, Click here to download the Phoenician word list. Are there any equivalent of oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ in Arabic? [26] Certainly, Latin-script renditions of late Punic include many spirantized transcriptions with ph, th and kh in various positions (although the interpretation of these spellings is not entirely clear) as well as the letter f for the original *p.[27] However, in Neo-Punic, *b lenited to /v/ contiguous to a following consonant, as in the Latin transcription lifnim for *lbnm "for his son".[20]. /-o/ , Punic , (a.V. The most important thing is that you can work from anywhere and at any time that suits you. They are sometimes found in forms extended through the addition of -n or -t. Other prepositions are not like that: l "upon", . d "until", r "after", tt "under", , b(y)n "between". Why is it shorter than a normal address? /-am/ m (a.V. The case endings in general must have been lost between the 9th century BC and the 7th century BC: the personal name rendered in Akkadian as ma-ti-nu-ba-a-li "Gift of Baal", with the case endings -u and -i, was written ma-ta-an-baa-al (likely Phoenician spelling *) two centuries later. [30][35] /n/ was also assimilated to following consonants: e.g. The Lexicon would be in traditional Semitic Alphabetic order. An online version is also available, so you can browse the dictionary without downloading it. unattested, perhaps /attin/ tn Jongeling, K. and Robert Kerr. ", Schmitz, Philip C. "Phoenician-Punic Grammar and Lexicography in the New Millennium. [56] However, it is likely that arabization of the Punics was facilitated by their language belonging to the same group (both being Semitic languages) as that of the conquerors and thus having many grammatical and lexical similarities. New prepositions are formed with nouns: lpn "in front of", from l- "to" and pn "face". These were compiled in Wilhelm Gesenius's Scripturae linguaeque Phoeniciae monumenta, which comprised all that was known of Phoenician by scholars at that time. To stay in touch with us, read our blog about languages and follow us on Facebook. The non-finite forms are the infinitive construct, the infinitive absolute and the active and passive participles. They appear in a slightly different form depending on whether or not they follow plural-form masculine nouns (and so are added after a vowel). WebThe Rhodes Phoenician-Greek bilingual inscriptions are three short bilingual inscriptions found between 1914-68 in Rhodes. Despite being so influential, the Phoenician language became extinct. P.79, Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions: M-T Front Cover Jacob Hoftijzer, Karel Jongeling, Richard C. Steiner, Bezalel Porten, Adina Mosak Moshavi P.1176. 2nd fem. There was also a conjunction / ()p (/ap/"also". However, some companies understand peoples needs and, therefore, offer linguistic services for all languages. Are there any databases of geographical language distribution? No one spends hours building a Lego castle because it will bring them any monetary benefits. How to Get Your Argentina Birth Certificate Translated? The original value of the Proto-Semitic sibilants, and accordingly of their Phoenician counterparts, is disputed. 11 /-ayy/ y) Abstracts can be formed with the suffix -t (probably /-t/, /-t/). "A Bequest Unearthed, Phoenicia" Encyclopedia Phoeniciana. P.80, The spellings are based mostly on Segert, Stanislav. 10 There is a special preposited marker of a definite object yt (/iyyt/? The perfect example of a dead language is Latin which has no native speaker but is still in use in some ways. Enclitic personal pronouns were added to nouns (to encode possession) and to prepositions, as shown below for "Standard Phoenician" (the predominant dialect, as distinct from the Byblian and the late Punic varieties). The perfect or suffix-conjugation, which expresses the past tense, is exemplified below with the root p--l "to do" (a "neutral", G-stem).[45][46][37]. Personal Names in the Phoenician and Punic Inscriptions. We make every effort to ensure that each expression has definitions or information about the inflection. In their cities by the sea, the air and soil were damp, and papyrus and leather moldered and rotted away. I recommend The Etruscan Language: an Introduction by Bonfante instead. It was written h but in late Punic also and because of the weakening and coalescence of the gutturals. /-ka()/ k [29][30] Short /*i/ in originally-open syllables was lowered to [e] and was also lengthened if it was accented. WebThe main Canaanite languages are Phoenician, Punic, Moabite, Edomite, Hebrew and Ammonite. ONLINE DICTIONARY F The imperfect or prefix-conjugation, which expresses the present and future tense (and which is not distinguishable from the descendant of the Proto-Semitic jussive expressing wishes), is exemplified below, again with the root p--l. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. WebIn Glosbe you will find translations from Latin into Phoenician coming from various sources. Browse the wordlists, look up words and practice your vocabulary at your own rhythm. The former is given in brackets with the abbreviation a.V. The world is moving forward pretty quickly, but it is important to remember where we came from. The refined combination worked very well. (E.g., computers, IT, modern technology). WebGoogle's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Does methalox fuel have a coking problem at all? Generate points along line, specifying the origin of point generation in QGIS, Tikz: Numbering vertices of regular a-sided Polygon. Who Can Provide Engineering Translations? How to Use a Colombian Birth Certificate Translation Template? [58][59] Another case is the name of a tribe of hostile "hairy people" that Hanno the Navigator found in the Gulf of Guinea. 2007. Teaching Phoenician online is considered as one of the most admired jobs for several reasons. They dont care if it wouldnt be beneficial for them. J /-nom/ nm) Languages including Hebrew, Ammonite, and Phoenician were written in the Phoenician alphabet. P.3. 2005. Type a space key after s to change the final letter into . It is a highly cost-effective investment and an easy way to expand your business! The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Why did US v. Assange skip the court of appeal? Download our free dictionary (for Windows or Android) and browse both the Phoenician-English and the English-Phoenician lists. By Wilfred G E Watson. 2nd masc. Latin and Sanskrit are perfect examples of dead languages because despite not having native speakers, they continue to have a presence in the world. But the people who study history only do so because they are passionate about learning about ancient civilizations. In Lebanon , as well as in the larger Arab world, there is a lack in this domain. In the G-stem, the infinitive construct is usually combined with the preposition l- "to", as in /lipul/ "to do"; in contrast, the infinitive absolute (pal)[48] is mostly used to strengthen the meaning of a subsequent finite verb with the same root: pt tpt "you will indeed open! 2nd masc. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Ordinal numerals are formed by the addition of *iy -y. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. During most of its existence, Phoenician writing showed no vowels at all, and even as vowel notation systems did eventually arise late in its history, they never came to be applied consistently to native vocabulary. Benz, Franz L. 1982. Most nouns are formed by a combination of consonantal roots and vocalic patterns, but they can be formed also with prefixes ( /m-/, expressing actions or their results, and rarely /t-/) and suffixes /-n/. S In Phoenician writing, unlike that of abjads such as those of Aramaic, Biblical Hebrew and Arabic, even long vowels remained generally unexpressed, regardless of their origin (even if they originated from diphthongs, as in bt /bet/ 'house', for earlier *bayt-; Hebrew spelling has byt). Those later inscriptions, in addition with some inscriptions in Greek letters and transcriptions of Phoenician names into other languages, represent the main source of knowledge about Phoenician vowels. Glen Gordon (an amateur Etruscanist) used to maintain a database of all attested Etruscan word-forms with tentative translations. 9 Our Phoenician translation team has many experienced document translators who specialize in translating many different types of documents including birth and death certificates, marriage certificates and divorce decrees, diplomas and transcripts, and any other Phoenician document you may need translated. You can find them at the end of article or in Bibliography) For later Punic: in Plautus ' play Poenulus at the beginning of the fifth act. They all distinguish gender: d, /()nm[38] (construct state / ()n), l, rb, m, , b, / mn(h), t, /r/sr[39][40] vs t, unattested, lt, rbt, mt, t, bt, mnt,[41] unattested, rt. You can also visit g.co/privacytools at any time. From Proto-Northwest Semitic to Canaanite, * and * have merged into *, * and *z have merged into *z, and *, * and * have merged into *. It has been transformed much since then, but a deconstruction of our Lebanese language will help to reconstruct our understanding of it. East Aramaic is divided into three distinct languages on the same grounds as West Aramaic. Translation Services USA offers professional translation services for English to Phoenician and Phoenician to English language pairs. How To Request A Certified Translation Spanish To English. The Phoenician alphabet spread to Greece during this period, where it became the source of all modern European scripts. P.82, Segert, Stanislav. Every culture is determined by the language it speaks and this language defines its framework of thought. Instead of looking at language as a mere tool, we are beginning to understand that it actually governs the way we think. Another dead language that has kept linguists fascinated for ages is Phoenician. Latin is a good example of this that has various daughter languages today. On the other hand, Muslims do not consider themselves as Phoenicians due to the fact that they have an Arabic background. Ugaritische Grammatik, Josef Tropper P.73-80. 4 For detailed assistance, you can call us during normal business hours (9:00 AM5:00 PM ET) at +1 (212) 380-1679. [7][8] According to some sources, Phoenician developed into distinct Tyro-Sidonian and Byblian dialects. It may have even survived the Arab conquest of North Africa: the geographer al-Bakri describes a people speaking a language that was not Berber, Latin or Coptic in a city in northern Libya, a region where spoken Punic survived well past written use. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Adding EV Charger (100A) in secondary panel (100A) fed off main (200A). [..] + "darkness" in English - Phoenician dictionary Show algorithmically generated translations Images with "darkness" Some people dont have the time or resources to accomplish such a feat. It only takes a minute to sign up. You'll actually get something out of that one. darkness noun grammar (uncountable) The state of being dark; lack of light. Punic disappeared some time after the destruction of Carthage by the Romans and the Berbers. WebEnglish-Phoenician Dictionary Online and Free English-Phoenician Translation. w /-w/), h /-aha()/ for the feminine singular and hm /-hum(ma)/ for the masculine plural. 3rd fem. In Morphologies of Asia and Africa. /-nam/ nm). Salim is from Shalim, Phoenician god of dusk, whose place was Urushalim/Jerusalem The participles had, in the G-stem, the following forms: The missing forms above can be inferred from the correspondences between the Proto-Northwest Semitic ancestral forms and the attested Phoenician counterparts: the PNWS participle forms are */pil-, pilma, pil(a)t, pilt, pal, palm, pault or palat, palt/. Home, Phoenicia, A Bequest Unearthed -- Phoenician Encyclopedia. B 14 [29], Stress-dependent vowel changes indicate that stress was probably mostly final, as in Biblical Hebrew. A Mechanical Translation of Genesis. Use the full quote request form. WebInstructions. Later, Punic inscriptions began to be written in the Latin alphabet, which also indicated the vowels. The significantly divergent later-form of the language that was spoken in the Tyrian Phoenician colony of Carthage is known as Punic; it remained in use there for considerably longer than Phoenician did in Phoenicia itself, surviving certainly into Augustine's time. by Alan S. Kaye. Personalized content and ads can also include more relevant results, recommendations, and tailored ads based on past activity from this browser, like previous Google searches. There are many people in this world who study linguistics, but only a few focuses on dead languages. That is why one of my major concerns was to make this information available as an open source. W It is believed to be the partial ancestor of almost all of the modern alphabets. Entwurf einer Grammatik nebst Sprach- und Schriftproben of 1869 could state that Gesenius knew only a quarter of the material Schrder had at hand himself.[63]. [19][20]: The system reflected in the abjad above is the product of several mergers. Direct borrowings from Punic appear in modern Berber dialects: one interesting example is agadir "wall" from Punic gader. Did the Golden Gate Bridge 'flatten' under the weight of 300,000 people in 1987? The shift is proved by Latin and Greek transcriptions like rs/ for "head, cape" /ru/ (Tiberian Hebrew r /ro/, ); similarly notice stressed /o/ (corresponding to Tiberian Hebrew /a/) sam/ for "he heard" /amo/ (Tiberian Hebrew ma /ma/, ); similarly the word for "eternity" is known from Greek transcriptions to have been lm/ /ulom/, corresponding to Biblical Hebrew lm /olm/ and Proto-Semitic lam /alam/ (in Arabic: lam /alam/). 1 Look up a word, add or modify an entry, and learn words at your own rhythm from a personal learning list. . The language of the Minions (sometimes called "Minionese" or the "Banana language") in the Dispicable Me series is a mashup of several different languages from all over the world. . Extensive Tyro-Sidonian trade and commercial dominance led to Phoenician becoming a lingua franca of the maritime Mediterranean during the Iron Age. unattested, perhaps /-kin/ kn This term was also borrowed into Spanish as a placename: the modern city of Cdiz comes from Punic (Qart-)Gadir "The Walled (City). WebThe Punic language, also called Phoenicio-Punic or Carthaginian, is an extinct variety of the Phoenician language, a Canaanite language of the Northwest Semitic branch of the The information it presents is scant at best, reading like it was a plagiarized Wikipedia article. However, unlike most Semitic languages, Phoenician preserved (or, possibly, re-introduced) numerous uniconsonantal and biconsonantal roots seen in Proto-Afro-Asiatic: compare the verbs kn "to be" vs Arabic kwn, mt "to die" vs Hebrew and Arabic / mwt and sr "to remove" vs Hebrew srr. "Lest" is lm. In that function, some of them have slightly divergent forms: first singular /-n/ n and probably first plural /-nu()/. In Morphologies of Asia and Philippines Morphologies of Asia and Africa. LC, a Phoenician translation company in India is ISO A third practice reported in the literature is the use of the consonantal letters for vowels in the same way as had occurred in the original adaptation of the Phoenician alphabet to Greek and Latin, which was apparently still transparent to Punic writers: h for [e] and 'lep for [a].[18]. The imperative endings were presumably /-/, /-/ and /-/[47] for the second-person singular masculine, second-person singular feminine and second-person plural masculine respectively, but all three forms surface in the orthography as /puul/ pl: -. We must go back to the language of our ancestors, the original language that was spoken on these shores, and which still survives in our language structure, our dialect and our vocabulary. Aleph, Bet, and Guimel are the first three letters in the Phoenician alphabet, the origin of Alpha, Beta and Gamma, which start the Greek alphabet. If two people are conversing together, they are seen as transmitting information from the mind of the first subject, to the mind of the second through Language. Whether your Phoenician translation need is small or large, Translation Services USA is always there to assist you with your translation needs. https://diachronica.pagesperso-orange.fr/TMCJ_vol_3.2_Fournet_Etruscan.pdf Terms of use (please read I could hardly imagine that someone who is going to a grocery shop would think to herself , whether this person is Lebanese or Saudi, Syrian or Iraqi. The Proto-Northwest Semitic /a/ and /aw/ became not merely /o/ as in Tiberian Hebrew, but /u/. We can work with any budget to get you a guaranteed translation quickly and accurately! Manage Settings [6] The Phoenician phonetic alphabet is generally believed to be at least the partial ancestor of almost all modern alphabets. . Didn't find any books to reference, perhaps maybe this though. How to Get An El Salvador Birth Certificate Translation? The comparative material ranging from lexical items from Akkadian, Sumerian, Ugaritic, Biblical Hebrew, Mishnaic Hebrew, Classical Arabic, Amharic, Geez, etc Needless to say the author makes no claim at finality or completeness in the choice of related lexical data. 3rd masc. I am also looking for Etruscan dictionaries, but there is even less. 2nd masc. The oldest traces of Phoenician date back to the 11th century BC, and the newest to the 1st century BC. Despite the complexity, people still study the language. [44] Composite numerals are formed with w- "and", e.g. Experts have yet to crack the working of the vowels in this ancient tongue. In addition to their many inscriptions, the Phoenicians are believed to have left numerous other types of written sources, but most have not survived..mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, The Phoenician alphabetic script was easy to write on papyrus or parchment sheets, and the use of these materials explains why virtually no Phoenician writings no history, no trading records have come down to us. The definite article was /ha-/, and the first consonant of the following word was doubled. However, based on their dialects, it seems that the Lebanese Muslims are more of Phoenicians than Christians. , .. The translations are sorted from the most common to the less popular. To type directly with the computer keyboard: Type th, ph, kh, ps for , , , . Similarly, there are many languages that we have learned through ancient scripts and inscriptions on tombs. The Phoenician alphabet is the oldest verified consonantal alphabet, or abjad. Such agencies care about the needs of their clients, and thats why they can be trusted to provide you with the kind of service you require. III - IV, books about the Phoenician language: Google books PHOENICIAN => ENGLISH: ENGLISH => PHOENICIAN: Whole word Random entry from this dictionary: haddac means Renovate. Phoenician was a language originally spoken in the coastal region then called Pt in Phoenician, Canaan in Phoenician, Hebrew and Aramaic, and Phoenicia in Greek and Latin. We also offer services for Phoenician interpretation, voice-overs, transcriptions, and multilingual search engine optimization. In fact, Translation Services USA is the only agency in the market which can fully translate Phoenician to literally any language in the world! It can also tell us something about the future languages and what their alphabets will look like. Now, the reason that I said that there is such a misconception in the beginning is due to the fact that the everyday Lebanese that we speak seems to share a lot of vocabulary with the Arabic language. Phoenician Alphabet (c) Sanford Holst, used here with permission The Greeks adopted this Phoenician alphabet, and added vowels to it. Related Pages by Jeff A. Benner. 2009. A Comparitive Semitic Lexicon of the Phoenician and Punic Languages by Dr. Richard Tomback and Phoenician Dictionary Online, A comparative Semitic Lexicon of Phoenician and Punic and an online dictionary, A Comparitive Semitic Lexicon of the Phoenician and Punic Languages by Dr. Richard Tomback. WebPhoenician (including Punic/Carthaginian). And unfortunately, there are no native speakers of Phoenicians today, so you cant even rely on their help for linguistic services. Double click on each file and install in suggested folder. Do there exist any Phoenician or Etruscan dictionaries online? Loanwords in Phoenician and Punic by Wilfred Watson, in Ritual, religion and reason (2013), Phoenician/Punic loans in Berber languages and their their role in chronology of Berber, by Vclav Blaek, in Folia orientalia (2014), Matriaux pour le lexique phnicien by Paolo Xella (1982), Phnizisches Wrterbuch: Phoencian dictionary, by Moritz Abraham Levy (1864) (Hebrew script), Phnizisches Glossar by Armand Bloch (1890) (Hebrew script), Transliterated Phoenician keyboard (Latin script), De l'alphabet proto-phnicien l'criture grecque by Herbert Brekle, in Histoire pistmologie langage (1997), Essai sur la propagation de l'alphabet phnicien dans l'ancien monde, by Franois Lenormant (1872): I & II, Phoenician and Punic by Franoise Briquel-Chatonnet & Robert Hawley, in Blackwell Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Language (2020), Phoenician and Punic by Jo Ann Hacket, in The ancient languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia (2008), Phoenician by Holger Gzella, in Languages from the world of the Bible (2011), A Phoenician-Punic grammar by Charles Krahmalkov (2001), tude dmonstrative de la langue phnicienne et de la langue libyque by Auguste-Clestin Judas (1847), Die phnizische Sprache: Entwurf einer Grammatik nebst Sprach- und Schriftproben, by Paul Schrder (1869), Phnizische Studien by Moritz Abraham Levy (1856): I & II - [12], Phoenician was written with the Phoenician script, an abjad (consonantary) originating from the Proto-Canaanite alphabet that also became the basis for the Greek alphabet and, via an Etruscan adaptation, the Latin alphabet. We are raised within language. Non-personalized ads are influenced by the content youre currently viewing and your general location. Morphologies of Asia and Africa. EDIT: Krahmalkov also has a Phoenician-Punic Dictionary alongside the grammar, and I finally managed to get my hands on a digital copy. 2009. The only written documents of Phoenicians and Carthaginians are monumental inscriptions on stone, a few ephemeral letters or notes on pieces of broken pottery, and three fragmentary papyri. Ever since the beginning of the Twentieth Century, to the student of Semitic languages, the discovery of each additional inscription resulted in additional lexical material to be analyzed. Whether you plan to get a letter translated to Phoenician for your friend who is obsessed with the language or wants to understand an ancient inscription, you cant get help from the internet. But when someone has a passion, it becomes instantly clear that they follow a certain path for their hearts satisfaction. [62] Even as late as 1837 only 70 Phoenician inscriptions were known to scholars. The Phoenicians writing system was called the Phoenician alphabet. Many languages were spoken long before humans had a system for documenting them. Studying it can give us a better understanding of the modern scripts and writing systems. The far demonstrative pronouns ("that") are identical to the independent third-person pronouns. 15 I hope that this work will be put to a good use, and will shed a light on one of the dark corners of our thought. The Phoenicians are known as the first people to teach others how to write. They either end up merging with modern cultures or influence the creation of new languages. We can translate into over 100 different languages. ed. It is impossible to know exactly how many languages are dead or extinct. Translation Services Languages P Phoenician, Choose the first letter to select required language: Now, I must admit that the nature of this argument has had its share of political connotations in Lebanon , especially that some Lebanese political groups have used it to distance themselves from the larger Arabic world and culture. The basic word order is verb-subject-object. using it to produce its own Aramaic translation. WebPhoenicianPunic literature refers to the literature written in Phoenician, the language of the ancient civilization of Phoenicia, or in the Punic language that developed from Phoenician and was used in Ancient Carthage. Byblian still distinguishes, in the singular, a masculine zn [zan] / z [za] from a feminine zt [zut] / z [zu]. Auflange P.171, Segert, Stanislav. In the age of globalization, you definitely would want to localize your website into the Phoenician language! No revisions were made at a later time. [21][28] The Proto-Semitic diphthongs /aj/ and /aw/ are realized as /e/ and /o/. /-a/ , Punic (a.V. P.126, , .. You can find them at the end of article or in Bibliography). And if you need the assistance of a professional to help you understand an ancient tongue, dont hesitate to reach out to the right agency. Many people in the world would do anything to get that surreal feeling. /hia/ h, Plural: In late Punic, the 3rd masculine singular is usually /-im/ m. The same enclitic pronouns are also attached to verbs to denote direct objects. WebThe Phoenician-Punic Dictionary is the most comprehensive word thesaurus of the Phoenician language yet collected and published, and a unique informational sourcebook for the Phoenician literature and culture. They dont care if the tongue whose translation you require has been dead for a few decades or many centuries; if you require linguistic assistance, they will be ready to offer you the right solution. M The equivalent of this website is about 2,000 printed pages. ), Language considerations (including dialect preferences). My own conception of this matter is that this subject should be taken out of the political arena, and put back in its proper context, which is the scientific and linguistic context. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. This area includes modern-day Lebanon, coastal Syria and northern Israel. T 2nd fem. Early Greek alphabets, Aramaic script, and various Anatolian scripts were some of the earliest writing systems that were derived from the Phoenician alphabet. Phoenician and Punic Morphology. 3rd masc. In context translations Latin - Phoenician, translated sentences Online etymology dictionaries for French, beyond CNTRL? The Phoenicians were the first state-level society to make extensive use of the Semitic alphabet.
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