Among them, stimulating sucker propagation by cutting off the roots at the periphery of the vertical projection of the canopy and separating fasciculate suckers can increase the reproductive coefficient, while gathering and nurturing the suckers in a nursery can greatly improve the quality of the root system. Second, jujube fruits can satisfactorily meet the various needs of consumers. Yan, F. Large-scale Creation and Hereditary Variation of Hybrids in Chinese Jujube (Ziziphus Jujuba Mill.). Since, I have read a few horror stories about the invasive jujube root systems (e.g. Objectives such as tolerance to transportation and long storage life, varied ripening times, and multiple-use cultivars are marketers preferences. During this period, jujube began to be introduced to neighboring countries in Asia, such as Japan and South Korea, and began to spread to Central Asia and Europe through the ancient Silk Road. Regarding the obvious differences in distribution, morphology, usage, and historical knowledge of jujube and sour jujube in China, Liu et al. Liu, M. et al. The contents of sugar, vitamin C, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) are around 2, 100, and 1000 times those of apple, respectively. Plant Breed.16, 33953400 (2018). Morphological, cytological and nutritional changes of autotetraploid compared to its diploid counterpart in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). Hortic.01, 7478 (2019). Hortic.249, 263270 (2019). Once the sucker has established a root system . contributed to the final draft. (5) Macroscopic research on jujube is still quite weak, and the existing studies in nontraditional fields such as ecological and cultural studies and the integration of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries are insufficient. (3) Current labor-intensive cultivation techniques were developed with the goal of increasing yields on small farms with inexpensive labor. The presence of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wied. Liu, M. The challenges and countermeasures of jujube industry during transition period. J. as rootstock can also play a role in the prevention of witches broom in jujube in southern China97. There are two parts necessary for grafting: the rootstock, used for the root system; and the scion, the chosen cultivar or variety. and ZjCNGC2 mediated signalling cascades in response to cold stress. This is a result of several key obstacles, including the extreme difficulty of emasculation of small flowers (~5mm in diameter), the low fruit-setting rate (only ~1%) and the high embryo abortion rate. Food Compos. Among them, the tetraploids Chenguang, Hongguang, Riguang, and Zhuguang, bred by Hebei Agricultural University, have been awarded new plant variety rights by the National Forestry and Grassland Bureau of China. J. Jour. Liu, M. Technical Manual for Quality Production in Chinese Jujube (China Agriculture Press, 2004). When I planted my Jujube as a bare root tree, I chopped it down to knee height about 2 feet tall and it finished the summer around 9 feet. The fruit can be stored and transported easily. & Liu, M. Analysis of triterpenoid acids in Chinese jujube. It can be seen that jujube fruit can meet the marketers demand for profits and risk avoidance. Fruit. This period has not yet ended, and there is still a long way to go before establishing a modern technology system for jujube. To meet the needs of large-scale development, grafting propagation with sour jujube as the rootstock has been widely used since the late 1980s. Forests10, 460 (2019). CAB International, Wallingford, p 276, Zamora DS, Jose S, Nair PKR, Ramsey CL (2006) Interspecific competition in a pecan-cotton alleycropping system in the southern United States: production physiology. Perdurans; only jujube and sour jujube originating from China and Z. lotus L., native to the Mediterranean, belong to Section Ziziphus due to their deciduous bearing shoots. 2014). Agric. Liu, M., Zhao, J., Wang, J., Liu, Z. Food Sci.37, 8385 (2012). Agric. The development of the jujube industry and jujube research promoted each other during this period, and support from science and technology to the jujube industry has continuously increased. Therefore, the development of jujube can make efficient use of marginal lands, improve the environment, and provide farmers in rural regions with an agricultural industry that is easy to manage and provides high revenues. Jujube Witches' Broom Disease (JWB), caused by phytoplasma, is the most destructive disease of Chinese jujube. A set of new propagation approaches has been developed on the basis of traditional sucker division. and Z. acidojujuba Liu et Cheng were also proposed to consider them as two independent species67. The 2019 Forum of China Jujube Industry, Linxian County, Shanxi Province (2019). Jujube fruit can become a part of international markets and a future popular superfruit. cv. & Li, X. Transcript analyses of ethylene pathway genes during ripening of Chinese jujube fruit. Slider with three articles shown per slide. . China Fruits3, 4647 (1983). Nat. Ecol Eng 29:319328, Imo M, Timmer VR (2002) Growth and nutritional interactions of nutrient-loaded black spruce seedlings with greenhouse natural vegetation under greenhouse conditions. Zhang, Z., Kang, C., Zhang, S. & Li, X. Transcript analyses reveal a comprehensive role for abscisic acid in modulating fruit ripening in Chinese jujube. Acquirement of endosperm triploid and its biology and cytology 1978-1984. For fresh eating jujubes, it was found that promoting the lignification of bearing shoots through extremely heavy pruning may accelerate fruiting, increase yield and result in larger fruit109. Sin.32, 10081012 (2005). Meanwhile, the expansion of the MDHAR gene family contributes to AsA regeneration. during cool-storage. It's just a better tree for in-ground planting. The traditional production technology maturation period (Northern Wei Dynastythe founding of the Peoples Republic of China, or 500 CE1949 CE). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-013-9609-x, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-013-9609-x. Google Scholar. The problem of hybrids not being obtained due to heavy early embryo abortion was solved by embryo rescue based on the understanding of the mechanism of embryo abortion and the factors affecting very young embryo culture. Acta Hortic. Kor. BMC Genom.20, 568 (2019). jujube, either of two species of small spiny trees of the genus Ziziphus (family Rhamnaceae) and their fruit. Stnic, F., Dicianu, D. E. & Butcaru, A. C. Jujube fruits behaviour at controlled atmosphere storage. In the past 20 years, postharvest treatment technology for Chinese jujube has made great progress. volume7, Articlenumber:119 (2020) Yang, X. et al. Gao, Y., Zhao, Z. Liu, M., Zhao, J. In recent years, the interploidy hybridization of jujube and the interspecific hybridization between jujube and sour jujube were successfully carried out20,84,85. Corrections? Zhao, Z., Liu, M. & Tu, P. Characterization of water soluble polysaccharides from organs of Chinese Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Sci.21, 414418 (2004). It ferments readily and lose firmness when it is tightly sealed in conventional plastic bags under cold storage. Qu, Z., Li, S., Wu, Y., Sun, P. & Hu, J. Liu, M. & Wang, M. Germplasm Resources of Chinese Jujube (China Forestry Publishing House, 2009). Sci. Several key factors of influencing fresh-keeping effect on Lingwu Chang Date industry in Ningxia. In l max = 22 cm, the integral constant a = 1.9 and instantaneous growth rate r = 0.14. 6-year-old jujube exhibited a stronger negative effect on the productivity of wheat than did 2- or 4-year-old jujube and there was less effect on productivity of jujube in the 6-year-old system than in the 2- or 4-year-old jujube trees grown in monoculture. Jujube (cv. Resour.10, 121125 (2009). An evolutionary divergence analysis of jujube, pear and Prunus mume found that the 4DTv (fourfold synonymous third-codon transversion) rate of jujube peaked at only 0.50, suggesting that no recent whole-genome duplication had occurred in jujube12. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Xue, C. et al. The evapotranspiration of jujube root zone was calcu lated by water . Content variation of water soluble polysaccharides during fruit development in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). The small yellow flowers are followed by dark brown, round to oblong fruits the size of small plums. Wow, I recently learned a lot about the jujube root system --- very invasive roots with suckers looking for water that can extend 30' from the tree. Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin (2013). & Jiang, K. Bionomics of a Polygus lucorum in jujube orchards. For Ecol Manag 83:171180, Dhima KV, Lithourgidis AS, Vasilakoglou LB, Dordsas CA (2007) Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercrops in two seeding ratios. Structures and immunological activities of two pectic polysaccharides from the fruits of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Trans. Until now, a total of 25 triploid, tetraploid, and octoploid strains have been created, among which three excellent tetraploid strains have been released as new cultivars by the Hebei Forestry Cultivar Examination and Approval Committee75,76,77. ISSN 2662-6810 (print), The historical and current research progress on jujubea superfruit for the future, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-00346-5, Germplasm resources and genetic breeding of Paeonia: a systematic review, Comparative population genomics dissects the genetic basis of seven domestication traits in jujube, A roadmap for research in octoploid strawberry, Advancing crop genomics from lab to field, RosBREED: bridging the chasm between discovery and application to enable DNA-informed breeding in rosaceous crops, Prunus genetics and applications after de novo genome sequencing: achievements and prospects, The genome of cultivated peanut provides insight into legume karyotypes, polyploid evolution and crop domestication, An update on the arsenal: mining resistance genes for disease management of Brassica crops in the genomic era, Identification and stacking of crucial traits required for the domestication of pennycress, http://jujube.genomics.cn/page/species/index.jsp, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Identification and expression analysis of BURP domain-containing genes in jujube and their involvement in low temperature and drought response, Comparison of ascorbate metabolism in fruits of two jujube species with differences in ascorbic acid content, Genomic constitution and relationships of Ziziphus species collected from Malakand Division, Pakistan, Multiple responses contribute to the enhanced drought tolerance of the autotetraploid Ziziphus jujuba Mill. In vitro plantlets were obtained from the stem segments of root suckers in 198398. Neolithic charred fruits and pits of jujube unearthed in Peiligang, Mixian County, Henan Province, China, indicate that Chinese people had begun to pick and use jujubes and domesticate jujube trees at least 7240 years ago. It can grow and bear well where normal grain, cotton, oil crops, vegetables, and fruit trees cannot survive. Jujube fruit also has very positive meanings in Chinese culture, such as a sweet life, a flourishing business, fertility, harmony, and happiness. Zhang, Z. Optimization of A High-density Genetic Map for Chinese Jujube and QTL Mapping for Several Important Traits. Moreover, fundamental, applied, developmental, and broad-scale visual research should be highly integrated. Based on the main contents of jujube research, the landmark achievements and the supporting role for jujube industry development, this period can be further subdivided into three stages3the period of recovery after World War II (19491978), the period of accelerating development (19791999), and the period of comprehensive development (20002019). Liu, M. & Wang, Y. The root distribution reacts primarily to the availability of water and nutrients. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Wang, N. Study on Somatic Embryogenesis and Ploidy Germplasm Creation in Ziziphus Jujuba Mill (Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 2007). Three representative books on jujube germplasm have been published. Planting Tips. PubMed and wild jujube. Liu, P. et al. Agrofor Syst 37:91109, Young A (1997) Agroforestry for soil management. The density of SSRs in the jujube genome reaches 378 SSRs per Mb, which is approximately two times the density in peach and apple12. Wang, X., Shao, J., Zhang, X., Peng, S. & Wang, Y. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the relationship between root distribution and interspecific interactions between intercropped jujube tree (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) With the breakthroughs in cross-breeding technology, the acquisition of a progeny population and the establishment of genetic maps, genetic research into important traits was also carried out. & Gao, Q. Twenty-one jujube cultivars were recorded in the book Guangzhi written by Guo Yigong in the Jin Dynasty, 1700 YA. Planting: Dig a hole big enough to accommodate the root system. The biological characteristics of jujube are basically understood1. The oldest collection of poems in China, called The Book of Songs, contains the sentence Jujube fruit picked in August and rice harvested in October, indicating that jujube was domestically cultivated as early ago as 3000 years ago. Solar greenhouses along hillsides facing the sun in the Taihang Mountains of Hebei Province have the advantages of lower investment costs, better sunlight, and much better heat retaining properties than a traditional greenhouse by using the mountain as the back wall of the greenhouses107. It was discovered that an autotetraploid sour jujube had higher tolerance to salinity than the diploid, and its preliminary molecular mechanism was illustrated80,81. Jujube has also been successfully grafted onto Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana Lam.) Acquisition of triploid germplasms by controlled hybridization between diploid and tetraploid in Chinese jujube. Wang, L., Wang, H. & Wang, C. Effect of O2 and CO2 concentration on respiration, relative electrical conductivity, contents of chlorophyll and skin color of Dongzao jujube fruit. ), sour jujube (Z. acidojujuba Liu et Cheng) and Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana L.). 31121062). South Univ. For successful grafting there are five important requirements: At present, it is one of the main cultivated fruit species, the foremost dried fruit in terms of production, and the main income source of ~20 million farmers in China2,3. Yangling: Northwest A&F University (2014). To date, a total of ~930 jujube genotypes have been preserved, accounting for at least 90% of the total jujube genotypes in the world. spinosa enhances salt tolerance conferred by active, diverse stress responses. Acta Hortic.993, 209213 (2013). Yan, F. et al. Fruit. Agrofor Syst 61:237255, Li FD, Meng P, Fu DL, Wang BP (2008) Light distribution, photosynthetic rate and yield in a Paulownia-wheat intercropping system in China. Sci. The complex jujube genome provides insights into fruit tree biology. (6) International exchange and cooperation are still insufficient and are accompanied by severe imbalances among countries both in production and research. HortScience48, 672680 (2013). The latter was further divided into Ser. Thyrsiflora Cheng et Liu mainly according to the inflorescence type. Acta Hortic. Liu, M. & Wang, J. Genome-wide characterization of simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci in Chinese jujube and jujube SSR primer transferability. Deciduous fruit. The subdivisions of Z. jujuba Mill. BMC Plant Biol.19, 189 (2019). Stnic, F. Characterization of two Romanian local biotypes of Ziziphus jujuba. Studies on the storage and fresh-keeping of Chinese date (Ziziphus jujuba Mill). spinosa plants from leaf explants. Creation of large hybrid populations using male-sterile germplasm as the female parent in jujube. Qi, J. et al. B, Hortic.XLIII, 203206 (2000). Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding (2011). Jujube Tree Roots. At 7240 years ago, the domestication of jujube trees started1. More than 90% of jujube production is concentrated in six provinces, namely, Xinjiang, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan. & Liu, G. Phylogenetic analysis of 25 plant species representing 19 angiosperm families and one gymnosperm family based on 390 orthologous genes. Roots in each plot were sampled vertically by auger to a depth of 100 cm at 20-cm intervals and horizontally . I've heard horror stories of the roots actually damaging water pipes to get to a water source. Dongzao. Model checking. cv. Research content should be more systematic and cover both micro- and macro-issues. The genome sequencing of a drying jujube cultivar Junzao and the resequencing of some cultivated and wild jujubes identified the selective sweep regions involved in acid and sugar metabolism and provided insights into an important domestication pattern in fruit taste15. Jujube can satisfactorily meet the diverse needs of growers, consumers, marketers, government, and society. Root distribution and interactions in jujube tree/wheat agroforestry system. The central and local governments encouraged jujube growing via legislation to increase farmer incomes and improve the environment. A field study was conducted at Hetian oasis, southern Xinjiang, northwestern China, to investigate root distribution and morphology affected by interspecific interactions between jujube trees (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) in Hetian, south Xinjiang province, northwest China. Moreover, at the end of the Shang Dynasty, the description of Jujube picked in August in the Book of Songs indicated that jujube orchards had appeared by at least 3000 YA. Compd.43, 374376 (2007). In 4th International Jujube Symposium, XXX International Horticultural Congress, Istanbul, Turkey (International Horticultural Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 2018) (in press). Acta Hortic. This technique has become a common practice in fresh jujube production. Under normal room temperature and humidity conditions, fresh jujube loses moisture quickly and loses crispness within 35 days. High-density planting and protected cultivation systems have also been applied commercially after the beginning of the 21st century. 0perennial shoot system in the dormant season, 1primary shoot, 2secondary shoot, 3mother-bearing shoot, 4fruit-bearing shoot, 5inflorescence, 6young fruit, 7longitudinal section of mature fruit, 8stone and kernel, 9the diverse shapes of jujube fruits, 10photograph of fruiting jujube. Hu, F. Study on Four Main Functional Components of Chinese Jujube. Genome sequencing is the golden key to unlocking the genetic code of life. J.W. This method can produce cross and reciprocal-cross hybrids at the same time85. (1) Fundamental research is still weak, and the role of research in supporting major technological innovations is not strong enough. (7) Nontraditional research fields: integrating the whole industry chain, the new fields of value-added products, related advanced technologies, and technical standards. Distribution and dynamics of fine roots length and biomass. Genetic variation in leaf characters of F1 hybrids of Chinese Jujube. Tortuosa), f. lageniformis (Nakai) Kitag. Sci.24, 487491 (2007). var. Softwood grafting in early spring also gave success of 90%. Acta Hortic. Part of Springer Nature. and wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.) To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. and cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.). var. J. Polym. In the book Qi Min Yao Shu, published 1500 YA, it is clearly recorded that ancient Chinese people used to select the trees with the best tasting fruits of wild sour jujube (Z acidojujuba Cheng et LiuZ. using genotyping by sequencing technology. At present, there are two opposing viewpoints about the respiratory type of jujube fruit, i.e., climacteric or nonclimacteric, even for the same cultivar (Dongzao)116,117,118. China is the country with the longest history of jujube cultivation. Chem. In recent years, equipment for jujube fruit sorting or integrated cleaning and sorting has been developed and widely applied in the jujube industry in China133,134,135. 7. Zhang, X. Metabolomic Approaches Reveal the Physiological Mechanism of China Cointree as Jujubes Stock in Resistance to Jujube Witches Broom. Liu, M. Advances in taxonomy study on the genus Ziziphus. The cultivation of fresh jujubes in plastic shelters has resulted in great success in rainy southern China108; this method can greatly reduce the fruit cracking caused by rain at the maturity stage from 70 to <10%. The end result is an incredibly fibrous and dense root system able to take up far more nutrients per volume than a similar tree in the ground would. Review of researches on Chinese date high yield cultural theory and techniques. J. Beijing. We can simulate the growth trend of the bearing jujube based on different length conditions and use L ( d) = l max 1 + e a - r d to calculate the length of the bearing jujube based on different growth days. Genom.11, 809 (2015). Effects of drying methods on changes of Vc, reducing sugar and total acidity in Chinese jujube. Effects of different treatments on storage quality of Dongzao jujube fruits during shelf-life period. and JavaScript. Spatial distribution of root length density (RLD, cm 125 cm) in a jujube trees grown alone for 5 years, b 5-year-old jujube trees intercropped with wheat, c jujube tree grown alone for 7 . The fourth-generation technique is to induce polyploidy by treating in vivo calluses induced on branch cuts with colchicine, which could eliminate the severe mixoploidy formation from traditional polyploid breeding and directly produce pure polyploid shoots (Fig. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Nature - The historical and current research progress on jujubea superfruit for the future, jujube - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Acta Hortic. A total of 963 jujube germplasms were analyzed by SSRs to construct the core collection and germplasm resource management database21. As one of the longest-cultivated fruit trees in the world, jujube has abundant germplasm resources after undergoing long periods of natural evolution and artificial selection. Starting with a superhigh density (0.5m1.0m), the density is gradually decreased to 1.01.5m4.0m. This new model obtains good yields (58t/ha) in the year of grafting (Fig. var. Jujube trees are highly adaptable, with outstanding tolerance to drought; low-fertility, saline, and alkali soils; high temperatures and late frosts. Hypobaric storage can delay ripening and aging and inhibit the fermentation of jujube fruit by providing low-temperature, low-oxygen storage conditions123. The older the jujube the more developed were the jujube roots so that the smaller the SRL of jujube the bigger the RLD and RD of jujube. It takes ~1 month for natural drying or air drying to be complete, while the time required can be reduced to 1 day or even less with artificial drying.
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