P. MacKendrick on the other hand, divides it into four parts, 1217a, 17b22, 237, and 2830.24 Without wishing to dispute either of these schemes, I prefer myself to divide the passage into just two basic parts. Archias wrote poems of the general's military exploits, and in 93 BC, Lucullus helped him gain citizenship of the municipium of Heraclea. Cicero came to his former teacher's defense at his trial in 62 BC, only months after delivering the famous Catiline Orations. Aulus Licinius Archias, (born c. 120 bc, Antioch, Syria [now Antakya, Turkey]), ancient Greek poet who came to Rome, where he was charged in 62 bc with having illegally assumed the rights of a Roman citizen. He applied the three techniques that were expected of ancient oratory: pathos (emotional persuasion), ethos (credibility persuasion), and logos (logical persuasion). 5.7 (April 62 bc) shows him seeking to form closer ties with Pompey. A man of the name of Thereafter, Archias was set up with a permanent residence in Rome in preparation for achieving full Roman citizenship. The accusation is believed to have been a political move against Lucullus through Archias. The next example, however, is that of Pompey giving Roman citizenship to Theophanes of Mytilene.31 This parallel is less valid since Theophanes was not a poet but a prose historian (scriptorem,writer, is the ambiguous word Cicero uses). The sententious and lyrical language in which the point is made effectively proves the point ( 16): Nam ceterae neque temporum sunt neque aetatum omnium neque locorum; at haec studia adulescentiam acuunt, senectutem oblectant, secundas res ornant, adversis perfugium ac solacium praebent, delectant domi, non impediunt foris, pernoctant nobiscum, peregrinantur, rusticantur. He wisely refuses to encumber a students progression through the text (and therefore progress in Latin) with minutiae better left to more advanced readers, such as the distinction between a potentially less assertive certe scio and the less reluctant certo scio with which Cicero unreservedly concludes the speech. Some features of this site may not work without it. Comments are moderated. Thus he became a Roman citizen, calling himself in the Roman fashion, A. Licinius Archias, the nomen Licinius being adopted out of respect for his patrons the Luculli. 3. quae cum ita sint, although there seems to be nothing on esse videa(n)tur). Etenim omnes artes quae ad humanitatem pertinent habent quoddam commune vinclum et quasi cognatione quadam inter se continentur. 1. Cicero is not, however, attempting to predate Archias acquisition of the citizenship: he is simply encouraging the jury to think of Archias in terms appropriate to a Roman citizen. In his speech defending Archias-the Pro Archia-Cicero argues that Archias was a Roman citizen. Manil. His connections were not, however, limited to the Catuli and the Luculli. In Defense of the Poet Archias Marcus Tullius Cicero Context Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus Lucius Licinius Lucullus Cicero Terms Magnus - Pompey Theophanes the Mitylenaean - Pompey's Poet Sulla - Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (82-79 BC) by Cesare Maccari Archias Gratius 62 B.C. 1.16.15), and will obviously have stopped short of Pompeys appointment. At the same time he is also alluding to the uniquely Roman custom whereby nobles kept wax masks (imagines) of their ancestors who had held curule office within the atria of their houses. Cicero mentions three benefits of literature: literature provides refreshment for the spirit and repose for the senses; it provides Cicero with inspiration for his daily speeches and therefore strengthens his oratorical powers; and it contains moral lessons and provides examples to contemplate and to emulate. It could even be read as a sort of laudatio funebris for Archias, Cicero, and liberal learning. The digressio begins as if in anticipation of a question from the prosecutor ( 12):You will no doubt ask me, Grattius, why I am so delighted with this man (Quaeres a nobis, Gratti, cur tanto opere hoc homine delectemur). In 62 B.C.E., the poet Archias, Marcus Tullius Cicero's childhood tutor, faced prosecution based on the tribunal law of Gaius Papius, which expelled non-Roman citizens from Rome. Gotoff, H. C. Ciceros Elegant Style: An Analysis of the Pro Archia, Urbana, Illinois (1979). The idea that poets who honour great men honour the Roman people at the same time is continued in 22, but with Ennius as the example: Ennius praised the elder Scipio, the elder Cato, Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, M. Claudius Marcellus, and M. Fulvius Nobilior, and was rewarded with Roman citizenship. This second part can be subdivided in several ways (MacKendrick identifies the decisive breaks), but for the most part the transitions are gradual and one point merges into the next. Si quid est in me ingeni, iudices, quod sentio quam sit exiguum, aut si qua exercitatio dicendi, in qua me non infitior mediocriter esse versatum, aut si huiusce rei ratio aliqua ab optimarum artium studiis ac disciplina profecta, a qua ego nullum confiteor aetatis meae tempus abhoruisse, earum rerum omnium vel in primis hic A. Licinius fructum a me repetere prope suo iure debet. Pro Archia has been described as undoubtedly the least typical forensic speech of Cicero. Archias does not appear on the Roman census rolls taken during the period in which he claimed to have lived there. Catiline would presumably not have made such a remark unless he expected it at least to carry some weight with some of the senators. After this, 16 closes with the argument that literature is inherently pleasant. Cicero also wants to see that Archias is firmly set within the serious, masculine, and Roman context of warfare, rather than in the frivolous and self-regarding world of Greek poetry. In his argument, Cicero discusses the benefits of literature, the intrinsic dignity or virtue of poets and the relationship of the poet to the state. 41.36). That's comparable to the share who say the same about the federal budget deficit (49%), violent crime (48% . The passage on literature in general ends with 17. He was defended by Cicero in the speech known as Pro Archia, but the issue of the trial is unknown. H. C. Gotoff asserts that the reference iseither jocular or tasteless, and adds:Perhaps the best way to understand the reference to his brother is to take it together with Ciceros decision to speak in a style more epideictic than usually deemed effective in the law courts, and to assume that the orator had reason to be confident from the start in the outcome of the trial.32 This suggestion cannot be accepted, because a praetor in charge of a court had no means of determining or influencing a jurys verdict; this is why in his speeches Cicero addresses himself to the jury, and generally ignores the praetor. The argument here runs as follows: (i) even if we are not interested in literature, we should admire those who have literary talent; we admired the talent of the actor Q. Roscius Gallus; (and equally we should admire that of Archias); (ii) we loved Roscius merely because of the movements of his body; we should therefore respond to the movements of (Archias) mind. (Cic. The legal argument, that Archias is a Roman citizen, is divided into two roughly equal halves, the narratio ( 4b7) and the confirmatio ( 811). Without praise, he explains, men would have no incentive to perform great deeds (the point is repeated from 23). 41.3, 42.4), and in politics they shared the same conservative outlook. This is understandable in view of the higher social status of the Metelli. Instead of beginning with cum ("since") as what would be expected, Cicero suspends it to the end of the phrase to bring attention to the gravity of the names he states. Ciceros main point here is that Archias poem honours not just Lucullus but the Roman people as well: this is meant to show that Archias is useful to the Roman people, and so ought to be cherished by them. However, it also provides an invaluable insight into the early stages of Ciceros senior statesman persona. He trained my voice, which I have used to save people on trial. Such language does not occur often in Ciceros speeches, at least after the earlier ones:27 as we have already observed, the style of this speech is pitched at a higher level than normal. Luc. The Biden . It is for that reason that many noble Romans had a poet to write for them. Gotoff (cited n. 1) 81; Porter (cited n. 14) 144 f. This seems to have been the usual number: see, On the hostility of the late-Republican Roman ruling class to Greek philosophy (and to the Greek language) see. Archias, who first arrived in Rome in 102 BCE, had, since the conclusion of the Social War in 89 BCE, been living as a Roman citizen and enjoying all of its attendant privileges. 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The transition is made by mentioning Archias (not referred to since 12, or named since 9) and marvelling at his ability both to improvise (cf. Lord Broughams often-quoted pronouncement: Ciceros speech for Archias, which is exquisitely composed, but of which not more than one-sixth is to the purpose, could not have been delivered in a British court of Justice, On the nature of Archias relationship with these men see. In this section, Cicero discredits the four points raised against his client. C. also promotes invaluable reading strategies along the way. This chapter reviews the historical circumstances of Archias' trial, and then discusses the speech itself and some of the issues it raises, especially that of why the encomium of literature is included, and how it contributes to the defence. A large part of Archias output, and his entire output before he attracted Roman patronage, would doubtless have consisted of poems on typical Hellenistic themes (the epigrams in the Greek Anthology which may be his include erotic poems, dedications to a god, epitaphs, and poems on a work of art). The introductory material places the Pro Archia among Ciceros most aesthetically powerful orations and stresses the speechs championing of humanistic principles. Clearly Cicero would not have jeopardized his relationship with such a family by refusing to defend their poet. To begin with, he was a Syrian by birth, a Greek-speaker from the eastern edge of the Empire. W. M. Porter divides it into three parts, 1216 covering the benefits afforded by the study of poetry, 1719 covering the intrinsic virtues of poets, and 2030 covering the relationship of the poet and his poetry to the state. The occasional note that relates sentence structure or vocabulary choice to larger themes both fulfills pedagogical needs and also reminds us of the tricky balancing act between simply teaching and inspiring real interest in sophisticated texts with a readership at this level: fit your line solely with technical syntactical and rhetorical terms or with explanations of subjunctive X in subordinate clause Y and students are less likely to take the bait. I therefore have a duty to save him ( 1). Quint. The comparison with Ennius is a useful one for Cicero, since Ennius was Romes great national poet and would have been fully acceptable to the jury. This is because he was my teacher. Clark, Albert Curtis: in Oxford Classical Texts, Dugan, J. (2010) Language and Artistry in Ciceros , Panoussi, V. (2009) Roman Cultural Identity in Ciceros, This page was last edited on 23 December 2022, at 13:40. I suggest that, on the contrary, Ciceros defence is wholly unaffected by the fact that he is speaking before his brother, and that the reference at the end of the speech is no more than a friendly nod to someone who, until this moment, he has had to treat exactly as he would any other praetor. But more fundamentally, Ciceros words convey the impression that Archias was already a Roman citizen. Self-Reference in Ciceros Forensic Speeches, A Volscian Mafia? The notes to section 27 could offer more help with Fulvius non dubitavit Martis manubias Musis consecrare. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. In a possible reminiscence of this passage, Sallust tells us that Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus and the elder Scipio were said to have been spurred on to virtuous deeds by contemplating the masks of their ancestors (Jug. (III) For when first Archias grew out of childhood, and out of the studies of those arts by which young boys are gradually trained and refined, he devoted himself to the study of writing. The comparison with Ennius at last brings Cicero to answer the objection that Archias writes in Greek ( 23). Yet beyond its simultaneous appeal both as and for belles-lettres the recent attention paid to this work as part of Ciceronian self-fashioning can lend sophistication and new direction to classroom discussions about the place of the Pro Archia in Ciceros public career and in Roman culture more generally.4 C. economically yet sufficiently highlights the works social and historical contexts. The high stylistic level, secondly, serves to establish an atmosphere of culture and sophistication, and this too is something that was best done right from the start. He uses dramatic rhetoric to discredit the case of his opponent, Grattius,[3] whom he here names. He reveals this thesis in lines 2022: He continues with this approach in the final lines of this section where he proposes that even if Archias were not enrolled as a citizen, his virtuous qualities should compel us to enroll him. Cicero's client is not, as so often, a prominent Roman aristocrat accused of violence, bribery, or extortion, but a Syrian poet whose claim to Roman citizenship was disputed. 54). [3] Due to political unrest, Archias, while yet a mere youth, left Antioch and travelled around the major cities of Asia Minor, Greece, and Italy, in each of . He makes it out to be not an exclusive or intellectual subject, but something practical and useful to society. Just about all that the two men had in common was that they were both at some point represented in court by Cicero (they were also linked by the fact that Archias, like his patron Catulus (Nat. BMCR provides the opportunity to comment on reviews in order to enhance scholarly communication. He was born at Antioch in Syria probably in the mid-120s, and at an early age became famous throughout the East as a professional poet.4 It is likely that at around this time some of his poems were anthologized by Meleager for his Garland, and the Greek Anthology contains thirty-seven epigrams attributed to a poet with the nameArchias. In 2 Cicero decides to meet head-on the objection that Archias is not a rhetor: Ac ne quis a nobis hoc ita dici forte miretur, quod alia quaedam in hoc facultas sit ingeni neque haec dicendi ratio aut disciplina, ne nos quidem huic uni studio penitus umquam dediti fuimus. 3.15.6), and we have from Plutarch the attractive story of how Pompey and Cicero invited themselves round to Lucullus house for dinner, and how he tricked them into thinking that he dined on the most lavish scale even when eating alone (Luc. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Archias was acquitted, as he surely deserved to be: of Ciceros clients, Archias is one of those of whom we can say with most certainty that he was innocent of the crime with which he was charged.15 We hear of him again in 61, presumably still living in Rome, and contemplating writing a poem for the Metelli (Att. Cicero claims that this covered the warin its entirety (Mithridaticum vero bellum totum ab hoc expressum est, 21), but in view of the great hostility which had arisen between Lucullus and Pompey this must be an exaggeration: the poem was a commission from the Luculli (Att. He gracefully concedes the point, but then goes on to instance some outstanding Romans who did study literature ( 16): Ex hoc esse hunc numero quem patres nostri viderunt, divinum hominem, Africanum, ex hoc C. Laelium, L. Furium, moderatissimos homines et continentissimos, ex hoc fortissimum virum et illis temporibus doctissimum, M. Catonem illum senem; qui profecto si nihil ad percipiendam colendamque virtutem litteris adiuvarentur, numquam se ad earum studium contulissent. Archias, who first arrived in Rome in 102 BCE, had, since the conclusion of the Social War in 89 BCE, been living as a Roman citizen and enjoying all of its attendant privileges. Pro Archia has been described asundoubtedly the least typical speech of the Ciceronian corpus.1 Ciceros client is not, as so often, a prominent Roman aristocrat accused of violence, bribery, or extortion, but a Syrian poet whose claim to Roman citizenship was disputed. [4], Last edited on 23 December 2022, at 13:40, "M. Tullius Cicero, For Archias, chapter 7", M. TVLLI CICERONIS PRO A. LICINIO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pro_Archia_Poeta&oldid=1129081531, There was no official enrollment record for Archias as a citizen of Heraclea, Archias did not maintain a permanent residence in Rome. In Pro Archia, then, we are not spectators of one of the great oratorical clashes which signalled the imminent fall of the Republic; instead, the case is a more small-scale affair, involving a defendant who was, by himself of no political or social importance whatsoever. The tone of the passage is philosophical; but it is popular philosophy of a straightforward nature, designed to reassure rather than intimidate the jury. In the Fourth Verrine, for example, when he is dealing with Verres theft of art treasures, he affects to be unable to recall the name of the famous sculptor Polyclitus (Verr. He starts with two chiastic structures identifying his witnesses, Lucius Lucullus and the embassy, and then ridicules the prosecution with a tricolon crescendo. Now that I have become a famous advocate, I feel that I have a duty to defend him. But this would of course be much less neat rhetorically, and would also make Ciceros obligation appear much less pressing. Readability remains the aim of the text offered to the student. Here Cicero was confronted by a marked xenophobic and anti-intellectual prejudice, one with which he and his brother had no sympathy, but which was prevalent among the jury. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Lucullus, indeed, and Drusus and Octavius, and Cato and the whole house of Hortensii, since he held them bound by close social ties, he was treated by them with the highest of honors; for not only did everyone cultivate his friendship who devoted to hear and to take in anything they did, but even those who only pretended.", It is . In 62 Archias was prosecuted under this law. It was Metellus Pius who had enrolled him as a citizen and whose careful records provided the documentary evidence that he needed to establish his claim to citizenship. 5.113), and it was partly for Phaedrus sake that he intervened with C. Memmius to prevent him from demolishing Epicurus house in Athens (Fam. OLD locus 17 and TLL VII, 1588, 38 ff. Grattius, of course, has already delivered his speech, and has not asked such a question, but the question gives Cicero an excuse to embark upon his digression and, later, to parade Archias virtues. This is a fair parallel, since Homer and Archias were both Greek poets who produced poems narrating the exploits of military leaders.
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