Leaders capture their understanding of what their units are to accomplish in their revised mission statements. 1 / 38. How obvious are these positions to the enemy? Then, they determine how those fit into their superiors concepts of the operation. How will this affect friendly and enemy target acquisition? The area of interest includes threat forces or other elements characterizing the operational environment and greatly influencing the accomplishment of the mission. Goal is to develop COAs for every feasible ECOA; however, the commander usually limits that option with his guidance. Visualizing a valid decisive point is how the leader determines how to achieve success and accomplish his purpose. This appendix provides six examples to explain how scenario blueprints are designed and used. The leader must not only appreciate how much time is available, but he also must be able to appreciate the time/space aspects of preparing, moving, fighting, and sustaining. He should be familiar with the basic characteristics of the units and platforms identified. War gaming, depending on how much time is devoted to planning, provides. They must go beyond merely passing along the MCOO to their subordinate leaders and making general observations of the terrain such as "This is high ground," or "This is a stream." 4. They identify their headquarters tasks and purposes as well as their own contributions to this fight. How will existing obstacles and restricted terrain affect the enemy? A mission is task and purpose clearly indicating the action to be taken and reason for the action. This event made me realize the importance of instrument meteorological conditions training and proper crew coordination. COA analysis begins with both friendly and enemy COA and, using a method of action-reaction-counteraction war game, results in a synchronized friendly plan, identified strengths and weaknesses, and updated risk assessment. New facts and new or updated . This characteristic addresses terrain analysis from a civilian perspective. CBRN. Swamps and rugged ground are two examples of restricted terrain for Infantry forces. People He must be able to see his own tasks and enemy actions in relation to time. A-37. In all cases, the enemy's recent activities must be understood, because they can provide insight into his future activities and intentions. It is also why he must clearly explain his intent to his subordinates. He might do it personally, by map, or with his subordinate units, or he can use the assets and information provided by the battalion reconnaissance platoon. All work must be your own. A-27. War gaming is the process of determining "what if?" Population statuses overlays can best describe groups and define what feelings the group has toward American forces. A valid decisive point enables the leader to clearly and logically link how the application of combat power elements with respect to terrain, enemy, and time allows the unit to accomplish its purpose. A COA sketch developed in one of several COA-editing tools that have been used as data-entry interfaces to CADET. Time analysis is often the first thing a leader does. What are the strengths and weaknesses of subordinate leaders? How the COA accounts for minimum essential stability tasks. He determines the disposition of the next two higher enemy elements. Instructions: The C634 course of action statement and sketch (COA S&S) is worth 20% of the overall C600 grade. Using the product from generating options, the leader then determines what combinations of Soldiers, weapons, and other systems are needed to accomplish each task. The C634A2 course of action statement and sketch (COA S&S) is an individual assignment worth 20% of the overall C600 grade. Both the COA statement and sketch focus at the decisive point. Course of Move statement. What terrain is essential for communications nodes dictating the employment of digital communications equipment? Leaders must understand each groups perceptions about the United States, the Army, and specific units operating within that area. A-70. He makes the final selection of a COA based on his own judgment, the start time of the operation, the area of operation, the scheme of maneuver, and subordinate unit tasks and purposes. (b) A COA COA stmts and sketches. When the leader decides what risks he is willing to accept, he also must decide in his COA how to reduce risk to an acceptable level. This product is similar to the MCOO in it shows the critical military aspects of terrain. A-59. Some temperature considerations include: A-65. Is it important to me? Many Eastern cultures rely upon religious organizations as their centers of power and influence, whereas Western culture's power comes from political institutions by elected officials. Visibility The line between enemy combatants and civilian noncombatants is sometimes unclear. Leaders also consider the effects of manmade and natural terrain in conjunction with the weather on friendly and enemy operations. If commanders reject all COAs, the . He need not wait for a complete OPORD before starting to develop his own tentative plan. An analysis of the ability to generate combat power will help the leader confirm or deny his tentative decisive point. Although EEFIs are not part of the CCIRs, they still become priorities when the leader states them. Differences between the situation templates must be resolved before the leader can continue analyzing the enemy. The leader must realistically and unemotionally determine all available resources and new limitations based on level of training or recent fighting. ATP 2-01.3 for more information. Higher headquarters information, he determines how the enemy is (or might be) arrayed. Mission analysis has no time standard. A-40. One technique is to use the warfighting functions as a checklist to address every significant element the enemy brings to the fight. It succinctly describes the enemy's aim, means, and approach to achieving its end state. What are all likely enemy avenues into my area of operations? We had passengers, field Soldiers, aircrew and our aircraft to consider. NAI LOCATION EN COA INDICATOR NET/ NLT PRIORITY PRIMARY/ ALTERNATE CONFIRMATION REMARKS EVENT MATRIX (S2) ISR MATRIX (S3) 1. How do I detect and, if desired, bypass the obstacles? Will I attack toward the sunrise? A-103. Leaders must understand assumption the battalion (S-2 uses to portray the enemy's COA. On another mission, we were told we had legal weather, the forecaster reporting three miles visibility. Using the targeting methodology of D3A (decide, detect, deliver, and assess) may prove useful in determining whether a leader or influencer would best facilitate an operation, when to engage them, and what to expect. Projected sustainment expenditures, friendly casualties, and resulting medical requirements. Acceptable. The decisive operation's purpose is nested to his unit's overall purpose and is achieved at his decisive point. Start with Situation Template 2. If the leader has developed more than one COA, he must compare them by weighing the specific advantages, disadvantages, strengths, and weaknesses of each as noted during the war game. From this analysis, he might be able to determine patterns in the enemy's employment or troops and equipment. They maintain understanding of subordinates readiness, including maintenance, training, strengths and weaknesses, leaders, and logistic status. Where can I kill him? For example, if a battalion situation template identifies a platoon-size enemy element on the company's objective and squad-size enemy elements on the platoons objective, the leader, using his knowledge of both the enemy's doctrine and terrain, develops a situation template positioning squad-size battle positions, crew-served weapons positions, or defensive trenches. The decisive point might be the event or action (with respect to terrain, enemy, or time, and generation of combat power) will ultimately and irreversibly lead to the unit achieving its purpose. Furthermore, their own assumptions about the enemy must be consistent with those of their higher commander. Leaders also must determine if terrain is decisive. Cloud cover affects ground operations by limiting illumination and solar heating of targets. A-34. Civil considerations of the environment can either help or hinder friendly or enemy forces; the difference lies in which leader has taken time to learn the situation and its possible effects on the operation. A-51. He uses these factors, gained from his relational combat power analysis matrix, as his frame of reference in tentatively selecting the best COA. He must know, how much indirect fire, by type, is available and when it will become available. Just because the report you receive says you have legal weather, don't always assume it is accurate. He locates intervisibility lines (ridges or horizons which can hide equipment or personnel from observation). -Form of maneuver or type of defensive operation. How will temperature and humidity affect the Soldiers and equipment? These attributes may pertain to the accomplishment of the unit purpose, the use of terrain, the destruction of the enemy or other aspect of the operation he believes is important. Feasible. The leader must thoroughly understand when, where, and how the enemy prefers or tends to use his assets. Assumptions Courses of Action (COA) Refined COAs Potential decision points War-game results Initial assessment measures Update assumption Approved COA Adv/Disadvantages of each COA COA. Time refers to many factors during the operations process (plan, prepare, execute, and assess). At small-unit level, the enemy's most probable COA is what the enemy is most likely to do. 4 Q To identify additional control requirements. How do our forces build national will in our area of operations? You may begin work on the COA S&S after you have . Temperature crossovers, which occur when target and background temperatures are nearly equal, degrade thermal target acquisition systems. Examples of critical events that can be identified in advance for a defensive operation are reward passage of counter reconnaissance forces, commitment of the reserve, displacement of forces,. Leaders identify existing (inherent to terrain and either natural or man-made) and reinforcing (tactical or protective) obstacles limiting mobility in his area of operation. This situation template is portrayed one echelon lower than developed by the higher headquarters S-2. The military advantage gained by executing the COA must justify the cost in resources, especially casualties. Figure C-1 shows an example of the COA sketch and text (COA statement) that go with the OPFOR countertasks listed above. Wind always is described as "fromto" as in "winds are from the east moving to the west." Existing obstacles, man-made include towns; canals; railroad embankments; buildings; power lines; telephone lines. We decided to return to the airfield at that point because once we passed the light source, we wouldn't be able to see much of anything. Leaders analyze terrain using the categories of Analyzing the enemy answers the question, "What is the enemy doing and why?" Research the weather reports and gain the knowledge you need. Considerations may include: A-99. 3. Flexibility built into the plan by gaining insights into possible branches to the basic plan. A sketch typically includes symbols of friendly and enemy units, assembly. Capabilities He determines how the weather will affect the visibility, mobility, and survivability of his unit and that of the enemy. They must understand why their leaders one level up assigned their unit's particular purposes. The leader should focus his efforts to develop at least one well-synchronized COA; if time permits, he should develop several. What would you have done in our situation? 5. Heavy snow cover can reduce the efficiency of many communication systems as well as degrade the effects of many munitions and air operations. Unless given the benefit of information collection, his situation template is only an estimate of how the enemy might be disposed. Higher headquarters provides the leader with civil considerations affecting the next echelons mission. These capabilities should include reasonable assets the next higher element, or other higher enemy headquarters, may provide. They need not analyze METT-TC in a particular order. Identify the essential communicators and formal and informal processes used to influence people. Accident risk includes all operational risk other than tactical risk and can include hazards concerning friendly personnel, equipment readiness, and environment. Even if time is tight, the leader should allocate as much time as possible to factor, starting at the objective area, and analyzing other aspects of key terrain. What locations have clear observation and fields of fire along enemy avenues of approach? Air density decreases as temperature and humidity increase. I expressed my concern and some uneasiness about the situation because our crews had been caught in dust before and knew the consequences. Our visibility was rapidly deteriorating and, to make matters worse, we had only a single light source in the distance to determine our visibility. Tasks and purposes of the decisive, shaping, and sustaining operations. A-94. How will cloud cover affect unit operations at night? Prepare COA Statements and Sketches Conduct a Course of Action Briefing. The leader looks at specific enemy actions during a given operation and uses the appropriate situation template to gain insights into how the enemy may fight. Assigning areas of operations to subordinates lets the subordinates use their initiative and supports decentralized execution. These can include areas needed after combat operations and contracted resources and services. Leaders constantly receive information, from the time they begin planning through execution. The five military aspects of weather are visibility; winds; precipitation; cloud cover; and temperature and humidity. Therefore, a secondary product of analysis of troops and support available should be an answer to the question:, how do I get help? They must clearly understand their immediate higher up intent from the OPORD. These may be indigenous, come from a third country or U.S. agencies. A-95. Forward area arming and refueling points. Categories of terrain, severely restricted terrain which severely hinders or slows movement in combat formations unless some effort is made to enhance mobility. To identify friendly coordination requirements. Money and resources drive prosperity and stability. Only those requiring resources should be used. e. Mission. A-73. They must determine how the terrain and weather will affect the enemy and their units. He begins TLP Step 3 after he issues his own WARNORD, and after he has received companys third WARNORD, or until he has enough information to proceed. It also gives subordinates the maximum latitude for initiative. A good enemy COA tells a story. Can I observe and fire on his location with at least two-thirds of my combat power? What terrain is important to the enemy and why? Leaders must continually improve their situational understanding Fratricide is an example of an accident risk. Key terrain is locations or areas whose seizure, retention, or control gives a marked advantage to either combatant. Leaders prepare a graphic depiction of terrain to help explain their findings about the effects of terrain and weather on the mission. Finally, he must update previous timelines for his subordinates, listing all events affecting the platoon and its subordinate elements. Biographical Sketch. A-98. Purposes of critical warfighting functions elements. If he has developed more than one COA, he applies this same analysis to each COA developed. They must know their areas of operation and areas of interest: Prioritization of Terrain Analysis EENT, moonrise, moonset, and percentage of illumination. The object is to determine what can go wrong and what decision the leader likely will have to make as a result. Where are the natural target registration points? This additional information will assist the approval authority in making the final decision to accept the risk. Cover and Concealment This 3-page document outlines an individual's education and training, their appointments and positions, and other . R&S assets and, most importantly, his and his higher headquarters pattern analysis and deductions about the enemy in his AO. Each COA the leader develops must be detailed enough to clearly describe how he envisions using all of his assets and combat multipliers to achieve the unit's mission-essential task and purpose. Some types of clouds reduce the effectiveness of radar systems. Information needed to complete paragraphs 3, 4, and 5 of the OPORD. A-85. Where can friendly forces conduct support by fire or assault by fire? The length of crossover time depends on air temperature, soil and vegetation types, amount of cloud cover, and other factors. In the end, the usefulness of mission analysis lies in recognizing and capitalizing on opportunities.
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